HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW · 2026
New Research on How Brand Associations Drive Customer Spending
The follow-up to CSV. If surplus value measures how much a brand is worth to its customers, this asks what creates that worth: which brand associations actually move what customers spend.
Marco Vriens, Rogier Verhulst, Felix Eggers, Srikant Narasimhan & Erin Condon
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Why You Should Be Tracking Customer Surplus Value
Introduces Customer Surplus Value (CSV): the dollar value customers feel they get beyond what they pay. A stronger predictor of retention than NPS.
Felix Eggers, Marco Vriens, Rogier Verhulst, Jason S. Talwar & Avinash Collis
Read in HBR ↗